Background. In hospital-based studies, alpha(+)-thalassemia has been found to protect against severe, life-threatening falciparum malaria. alpha(+)-Thalassemia does not seem to prevent infection or high parasite densities but rather limits progression to severe disease-in particular, severe malarial anemia. We assessed to what extent alpha(+)-thalassemia influences the association between mild, asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection and hemoglobin concentration. Methods. @nbsp; The study was based on 2 community-based surveys conducted among afebrile children (0.5-8 years old; [Formula: see text]) in Kenya and Tanzania. Results. @nbsp; Among children without inflammation (whole-blood C-reactive protein concentration </=10 mg/L), P. falciparum infection was associated with only small reductions in hemoglobin concentration, and effects were similar across alpha-globin genotypes. By contrast, the reduction in hemoglobin concentration associated with P. falciparum infection accompanied by inflammation was larger and strongly depended on genotype (normal, -21.8 g/L; heterozygous, -16.7 g/L; and homozygous, -4.6 g/L). Relative to children with a normal genotype, this difference in effect was 5.1 g/L (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.0 to 11.1 g/L) for heterozygotes and 17.2 g/L (95% CI, 8.3 to 26.2 g/L) for homozygotes (estimates are adjusted for study site, age, height-for-age z score, and iron deficiency). Conclusions. @nbsp; alpha(+)-Thalassemia limits the decline in hemoglobin concentration that is associated with afebrile infections, particularly those that are accompanied by inflammation

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