This study entailed conducting extensive qualitative interviews of mothers who had been invited to have their infants participate in the Kilimanjaro Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Infants (Kili IPTi) trial, designed to assess the efficacy of intermittent preventive malaria chemoprophylaxis for infants. Our study sought to explore whether there was a relationship between the mothers’ understanding of the research and the decision to enroll their infants or to decline. Such empirical data is necessary to address widely voiced concerns that limited understanding of research or exploitive inducement may undermine informed consent among clinical trial recruits in developing countries. The most striking result of the study was that, in general, those who declined to have their children participate in the trial had a better understanding of the trial than those who agreed to have their children participate. Decliners were more likely to understand the experimental nature of the trial and were less likely to confuse research with treatment, the conceptual error often labeled “therapeutic misconception.” Notably, in the context of the Kili IPTi trial, perception of clinical benefit may have been an accurate perception rather than therapeutic misconception because ancillary clinical benefits were provided to research participants. Neither participants nor decliners cited “altruistic” reasons for their decisions, despite presumptions among some scholars that such reasons are ethically the most appropriate motivations for participation in clinical research.